Agriculture is an important activity in most countries of the world, but more particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. It uses more than 80% of the active population distributed in the cities and the country side. The increase in population in the bimodal rain forest zone has led to over-exploitation of the plots, destruction of the plant cover leading to erosion and loss of soil fertility. The locality of Mbankomo, the site of our study, is subject to this anthropic pressure on the soil. In order to improve the fertility and productivity of the plots, it was necessary to conduct a study on the use of Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn and its impact on the microbial biodiversity of agricultural soils. The methodology of this study consisted of setting up two plots with different treatments: a control plot without shrubs and a plot in Calliandra. Two prunings were carried out, the first of which takes place six months after planting and the second, one year after the first pruning. From this methodology, the following results were obtained. After six months after planting, the Calliandra reaches a height of 3.50 m with a leaf biomass of 8.475 tons / hectare. Each shrub produces an average leaf biomass of 1.45 kg in the first year of cultivation. One year after the first pruning of the shrub, the height doubles and produces a leaf biomass of 10,920 tons / hectare including 1.85 kg / shrub. This leaf biomass has an impact on soil microorganisms compared to the plot which does not include shrubs. The microbial biomass goes from 78.04 mg C / 100 g before planting in the control plot the first year of culture to 130.61 mg C / 100g. In the second year of cultivation, the increase is 54.72 mg C / 100 g. The increase in microbial biomass influences the mineralization of organic matter. This has resulted in improved fertility and productivity as well as reduced soil erosion in the Cameroonian bimodal rain forest area.
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