This cross-sectional study was conducted in two regions in Indonesia, Karawaci Banten and Depok City to determine the risk factors of Dry Eye Disease (DED) in rural and urban areas. To assess DED, the Schirmer test was performed on one eye (right eye). The risk factors being studied were age, gender, smoking habits, and the use of electronic devices. A total of 145 respondents was recruited, with 60 respondents (41.4%) from rural areas and 85 respondents (58.6%) from urban areas. The prevalence of DED was higher in urban areas, with 54.1% (46/85) compared to 48.3% (29/60) in rural areas. There was no significant association between age and gender with the incidence of DED in both rural and urban areas (p>0.05). Smoking was significantly associated with DED incidence in rural areas (p=0.0004), but not in urban areas. The use of electronic devices was significantly associated with DED incidence only in urban areas (p=0.043). Smoking is a risk factor for DED in rural areas, while the use of electronic devices is the main risk factor in urban areas.
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